Strontium-Containing Compounds for Use in the Prevention or Treatment of Necrotic Bone Conditions

ABSTRACT

A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an ostenonecrotic bone disease in a mammal in need thereof, such as, e.g., idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and femoral head necrosis, the method comprising administering an effective dose of a strontium-containing compound (a) to the mammal. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an osteonecrotic bone disease, such as, e.g., idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis and femoral head necrosis, in a mammal who is to be or is treated with a therapeutic agent (b) known to or suspected of inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells, the method comprising administering a strontium-containing compound (a) in combination with (b).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of necrotic bone conditions and pharmaceutical compositionsfor use in such treatments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Necrotic bone conditions, such as idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis,avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced boneischemia/osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and femoral headnecrosis are severe debilitating conditions. These conditions can beassociated with medical interventions such as high dose glucocorticoidtherapy and various treatments for HIV/AIDS, or they can arisespontaneously in susceptible individuals or as a consequence of otherdiseases such as Cushing syndrome, Storage diseases (i.e. Gauchersdisease), haemaglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease), pancreatitis,dysbaric conditions or trauma (e.g. dislocation or fracture).

Osteonecrosis is characterized by distinct histopathological featuresapparent on radiographs or bone scans. Although diagnostic methods forits identification have improved in recent years with the introductionof new sensitive high resolution MRI and other imaging techniques, noeffective therapeutic agents or medical interventions have yet beendeveloped to prevent and/or treat this condition.

Several pathological situations can induce osteonecrotic conditions, butamong the most common clinical situations are high dose glucocorticoiduse and treatments with apoptosis inducing compounds, such as the highdose anti-retroviral treatments administered to HIV infected patients.

Although most skeletal sites can be affected by osteonecrosis, thecondition is most commonly found in the bone of the femoral headunderneath the articular surface of the hip joint. The medicalintervention of choice remains orthopedic surgery, where the necroticbone area and affected joint structures are removed and replaced with asuitable implant. In some patients with necrotic bone disease, such asjuveniles or patients with severe medical conditions, it can be highlyproblematic to perform this type of orthopedic surgery, and thus thereis an unmet medical need for new medical therapies for prophylaxisand/or treatment of necrotic bone disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of an osteonecrotic bone disease in a mammal in needthereof, such as, e.g., idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascularbone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis,Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and femoral head necrosis, the methodcomprising administering an effective dose of a strontium-containingcompound (a) to the mammal.

As described above, one of the common causes of osteonecrotic bonediseases is the treatment with therapeutic agents known to or suspectedof inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells, thereby leading toan osteonecrotic bone disease. Accordingly, the present invention alsorelates to a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anosteonecrotic bone disease, such as, e.g., idiopathic or secondaryosteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced boneischemia/osteonecrosis and femoral head necrosis, in a mammal who is tobe or is treated with a therapeutic agent (b) known to or suspected ofinducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells, the method comprisingadministering a strontium-containing compound (a) in combination with(b).

The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for use in thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of osteonecrotic bone conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Osteonecrosis is distinct from most other metabolic bone diseases, inthat the pathophysiology of the disease involves a vascular element anda regulation of the skeletal metabolism, other than seen in e.g.osteoporosis. It has been reported that some osteoporosis therapies,such as, e.g., the administration of bisphosphonates, may in fact beassociated with an increased risk of developing osteonecrosis (RobinsonN A & Yeo J F. Ann Acad Med. Singapore. 2004; 33 (4 Suppl):48-9;Greenberg, M S. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:259-60). Accordingly, it does not appear that all of the commonlyused osteoporosis therapies may be useful in the treatment ofosteonecrosis.

However, the present inventors have demonstrated a therapeutic efficacyof a non-radioactive strontium salt in a model of osteonecrosis, andaccordingly, the administration of a non-radioactivestrontium-containing compound may in fact represent a novel andimportant approach for the prophylaxis as well as the treatment of anosteonecrotic bone disease in a mammal in need thereof, such as, e.g.,idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis,glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthesdisease and femoral head necrosis.

Previous studies have shown that various strontium compounds modulatebone loss in osteoporosis. In vitro studies have demonstrated thatstrontium has a direct stimulatory effect on pre-osteoblastic celldivision and maturation, and a direct or matrix-mediated inhibition ofosteoclast activity (Reginster, J Y, Curr Pharm Des 2002:8(21):1907-16). In other words, in vitro data indicates that strontiumboth works as an anti-resorptive and an anabolic agent. Various salts ofstrontium are known from the prior art, such as, e.g., strontiumlactate, strontium chloride and strontium ranelate (distrontium salt of2-[N,N-di(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-cyano-4-carboxymethylthiophene-5-carboxylicacid) described in EP-B 0 415 850. Other known strontium salts are e.g.,strontium tartrate, strontium lactate, strontium phosphate, strontiumcarbonate, strontium nitrate and strontium sulfate.

Bone consists of an organic matrix comprising predominantly collagentype I, and an inorganic phase comprising calcium phosphate and calciumcarbonate. Bone matrix proteins are synthesized by the osteoblasts.Formation of the organic bone matrix in turn serves as a scaffold forprecipitation of the inorganic calcium salts of the bone mineral matrix,and gives the bone its structural strength. Degradation of bone isalmost exclusively mediated by the multinuclear osteoclasts, whichsecretes acids responsible for dissolving the inorganic bone matrix andenzymes responsible for degrading the proteins of the organic bonematrix.

Normally the processes of bone resorption and bone formation are tightlycoupled. Thus when bone resorption is reduced e.g. by an anti-resorptiveagent, such as a bisphosphonate, bone formation will also be reduced toan almost similar extent. Conversely, if bone formation is increasede.g. by an anabolic treatment such as the hormone PTH, osteoclastrecruitment and activity will also be up regulated. Strontium isreported to have an ability to uncouple bone formation and resorptionprocesses, thus resulting in a sustained net positive bone balance. Thisis due to the combined actions of the strontium ion to reduce boneresorption and to increase or stabilize bone formation.

According to observations by the present inventors, it may becontemplated, that the anabolic effect of strontium on bone are ofparticular relevance for treatment of osteonecrotic lesions, as thisproperty enables strontium to promote in-growth of new mineralized boneinto the necrotic lesions and thus leading to repair of the condition.In addition to this beneficial effect of strontium, the presentinventors have surprisingly found that the strontium ion has ananti-apoptotic effect on bone cells, which can protect the cells fromconditions inducing apoptosis such as, e.g., high dose glucocorticoidtreatment or systemic administration of pro-apoptotic drugs such as,e.g., some forms of anti-retroviral or anti-neoplastic treatment. Asmany of the necrotic bone conditions may be associated with apoptosis ofosteocytes and/or osteoblasts, the administration of a compound, whichhas an anti-apoptotic effect, may be of therapeutic value in thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of such conditions. Accordingly, fornecrotic bone conditions induced by the administration of therapeuticagents as described above, the administration of strontium-containingcompounds may have a dual effect in that they both prevent the apoptosisand/or necrosis of bone cells eventually leading to an osteonecroticbone disease, and also promote in-growth of new bone in case necroticbone lesions caused by the apoptosis/necrosis of bone cells have alreadyoccurred.

For mammals in the need of or already in treatment with a therapeuticagent known to or suspected to induce apoptosis and/or necrosis of bonecells, it may therefore be of great value to receive an effective amountof a strontium-containing compound (a) as part of the same treatmentregimen as the administration of the therapeutic agent (b).

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of an osteonecrotic bone disease, such as, e.g.,idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis,glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis and femoral headnecrosis, in a mammal who is to be or is treated with a therapeuticagent (b) known to or suspected of inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis ofbone cells, the method comprising administering an effective dose of astrontium-containing compound (a) in combination with (b).

The present inventors have found that the administration of astrontium-containing compound (a) in combination with a therapeuticagent (b) has prophylactic and/or therapeutic value in that one or moreof the following beneficial effects can be obtained: i) reduction in theincidence or severity of the osteonecrotic bone disease, wherein theincidence or severity of the osteonecrotic bone disease is reduced by atleast 5%, such as, e.g., at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40% or at least 50% in patients treated with (a) and (b) incombination as compared to patients treated with (b) alone in the samedose as (b) in the combination treatment, and/or

ii) reduction of frequency and/or magnitude of side-effects of (b),wherein side effects are being defined as any clinical relevantobservation pertaining to the disease or condition in the patient, suchas bone-pain, joint-pain, immobility, functional impairment, weight lossor bone mineral density (BMD) decrease, and wherein the frequency and/ormagnitude of the side-effects is reduced by at least 5%, such as, e.g.,at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50%in patients treated with (a) and (b) in combination as compared topatients treated with (b) alone in the same dose as (b) in thecombination treatment.

As mentioned above glucocorticoid in high doses is one of thetherapeutic agents (b) known to induce osteonecrotic bone diseases bybone cell apoptosis. Glucocorticoids as well as other related steroidhormones are given in high doses to modulate immune-system responses inseveral clinical situations, such as organ or bone marrow transplant,inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases and some chronic persistentinflammatory states. It has been estimated that the incidence ofavascular necrosis of bone among bone marrow transplant recipientsexceeds 8% by 5 years (Socie G et al. Br J. Haematol. 1994: 86(3):624-628). Accordingly, the therapeutic agent (b) may be a glucocorticoidand/or another steroid hormone.

Examples of other therapeutic agents known to or suspected of having arole in inducing apoptosis/necrosis of bone cells, eventually leading toosteonecrotic bone diseases, are anti-retroviral compounds, such as,e.g., efavirenz (Sustiva®), zidovudine (Retrovir®), lamivodine(Epivir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), zalcitabine (Hivid®), didanosine(Videx®), stavudine (Zerit®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®),emtricitabine (Emtriva®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), nevirapine(Viramune®), delavirdine (Rescriptor®), capravirine, enfuvirtide(Fuzeon®), saquinavir (Invirase®, Fortovase®), ritonavir (Norvir®),indinavir (Crixivan®), tipranavir, amdoxovir, elvucitabine, atazanivir(Reyataz®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), amprenavir (Agenerase®), PRO-542,TMC-114, TMC-125, BMS-56190, DPC-0830.

Other pro-apoptotic treatments associated with osteonecrosis arecytostatic and neoplastic agents used for prevention and treatment ofcancer.

Some of the therapeutic agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis arealso known to induce osteonecrosis. One example of such classes oftherapeutic agents is the bisphosphonates.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the strontium-containingcompound (a) and the therapeutic agent (b) are administered as separatecompositions. The administration of (a) and (b) may take placesimultaneously or sequentially, dependent on the type of therapeuticagent (b), the treatment regimen of (b), the nature of the diseasetowards which (b) is administered and the impact of (b) on the bonecells of the mammal receiving (b).

In one situation the therapeutic agent (b) is known to induce apoptosisand/or necrosis of bone cells and is administered according to thenormal treatment regimen of (b) for the specific disease towards which(b) is administered. In such a situation, the strontium-containingcompound (a) may be administered before the administration of (b) orsimultaneously with (b). In case (a) is administered before (b), theadministration of (a) may e.g. take place several hours, days or weeksor more before the administration of (b).

In case of high dose glucocorticoid treatment for e.g. an autoimmunedisease such as systemic lupus erythomatosus (SLE), administration of astrontium compound (a) may be started simultaneously with high doseglucocorticoid (b). In situations where glucocorticoid treatment can beanticipated in advance, such as e.g. in treatment for patients receivinga renal transplant, the strontium compound (a) may be administered inadvance of the glucocorticoid (b), such as e.g. on month, two weeks orone week or more before.

In another situation, the therapeutic agent (b) is only suspected toinduce apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells. In this situation, theadministration of the strontium-containing compound may not be initiateduntil effects of (b) on bone cells can be demonstrated. Accordingly, insuch a situation the administration of (a) may be initiated with asubstantial time delay to the initiation of the administration of (b),such as, e.g. several days or weeks.

An example of this is osteonecrosis associated with antiretroviraltherapy (b) in HIV, where the length of treatment duration is asignificant risk factor for osteonecrosis development; treatment with astrontium compound (a) may be initiated up to 5 years or more aftertreatment with the antiretroviral therapy (b) is started.

Even though the strontium-containing compound (a) and the therapeuticagent (b) are administered sequentially, e.g. within a time interval ofseveral hours, days, weeks, months or even years, they are stillconsidered to be part of the same treatment.

The administration of the strontium-containing compound (a) may takeplace one or more times daily, such as, e.g., from 2-5 times daily. Theadministration may also take place one or more times weekly, such asfrom 1 to 3 times weekly.

The strontium-containing compound (a) may be administered the samenumber of times per day or e.g. week as (b), or (a) may be administeredless times per day or e.g. week than (b) or more times per day or e.g.week than (b), dependent on the total daily or weekly dose of (a)needed. Even though (a) and (b) are not administered the same number oftimes per day or e.g. week, they are still considered to be part of thesame treatment.

The administration of the strontium-containing compound (a) may be bythe enteral or parenteral route or by topical administration. In aspecific embodiment of the invention the administration is by the oralroute.

In a specific method according to the invention the strontium-containingcompound (a) and the therapeutic agent (b) are administered as a singlecomposition.

Irrespectively of the method used for treatment and/or prophylaxis ofthe osteonecrotic bone conditions, i.e. whether the strontium-containingcompound is administered alone, or used in a combination treatmenttogether with a therapeutic agent (b) as described above, the followingapplies:

The strontium-containing compound (a) may be selected from the groupconsisting of strontium salts of an organic or an inorganic acid, andthe salts may be in hydrate, anhydrous, solvate, polymorphous,amorphous, crystalline, microcrystalline or polymeric form. In oneembodiment of the invention only non-radioactive isotopes of strontiumare used.

The inorganic acid for making strontium salts may be selected from thegroup consisting of boric acid, bromous acid, carbonic acid, chloricacid, diphosphoric acid, disulfuric acid, dithionic acid, dithionousacid, fulminic acid, hydrazoic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloricacid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrogen sulfide,hypophosphoric acid, hypophosphorous acid, iodic acid, iodous acid,metaboric acid, metaphosphoric acid, metaphosphorous acid, metasilicicacid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, orthophosphoric acid, orthophosphorousacid, orthosilicic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonicacid, phosphorous acid, pyrophosphorous acid, selenic acid, sulfonicacid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, thiocyanic acid and thiosulfuricacid.

The organic acid may be selected from the group consisting of aceticacid, C₂H₅COOH, C₃H₇COOH, C₄H₉COOH, (COOH)₂, CH₂(COOH)₂, C₂H₄(COOH)₂,C₃H₆(COOH)₂, C₄H₈(COOH)₂, C₅H₁₀(COOH)₂, fumaric acid, maleic acid,malonic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid,ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, pyruvic acid, L- andD-aspartic acid, phthalic acid, carbonic acid, formic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, camphoric acid, gluconicacid, L- and D-glutamic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, ranelic acid,2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzoic acid, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzoic acid,2,3,6-tribromobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid,2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dinitrobenzoicacid, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, abietic acid, acetoacetic acid,acetonedicarboxylic acid, aconitic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid,alanine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, anthranilic acid, benzilic acid,arachidic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, azelaic acid,behenic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, brassidicacid, capric acid, chloroacrylic acid, cinnamic acid, citraconic acid,crotonic acid, cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, cystathionine, ranelic acid, decanoic acid,erucic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, fulvic acid, fumaric acid,gallic acid, glutaconic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glutaric acid,gulonic acid, glycine, heptanoic acid, hexanoic acid, histidine, humicacid, hydroxystearic acid, isoleucine, isophthalic acid, itaconic acid,lanthionine, lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), leucine, levulinic acid,linoleic acid (cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid), lysine, malic acid,m-chlorobenzoic acid, melissic acid, mesaconic acid, methacrylic acid,monochloroacetic acid, myristic acid, (tetradecanoic acid), nonanoicacid, norvaline, octanoic acid, oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid),ornithine, oxaloacetic acid, palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid),p-aminobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, petroselic acid, phenylaceticacid, phenylalanine, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, pimelic acid, propiolicacid, propionic acid, proline, serine, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, pyruvic acid,sarcosine, sebacic acid, serine, sorbic acid, stearic acid (octadecanoicacid), suberic acid, succinic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrolic acid,threonine, thyronine, tricarballylic acid, trichloroacetic acid,trimellitic acid, trimesic acid, tyrosine, ulmic acid, valine andcylohexanecarboxylic acid.

All acids, which the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)has regarded as safe for use in compositions for oral intake, may beused in the present invention. In one embodiment of the invention theacid may be a monoprotic or a diprotic acid. In yet another embodimentof the invention, the acid may be an amino acid in either the L-form orD-form or any mixture thereof.

Specific examples of strontium salts for use according to the inventionare strontium chloride, strontium chloride hexahydrate, strontiumcitrate, strontium malonate, strontium succinate, strontium fumarate,strontium ascorbate, strontium aspartate in either L and/or D-form,strontium glutamate in either L- and/or D-form, strontiumalpha-ketoglutarate strontium pyruvate, strontium tartrate, strontiumglutarate, strontium maleate, strontium methanesulfonate, strontiumbenzenesulfonate, strontium ranelate and mixtures thereof.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, the strontium salt iscomposed of a strontium ion complexed to a di-carboxylic organic acid.Such a salt may also be a salt of an amine or an amino acid or mixturesthereof. A strontium salt of a di-carboxylic acid may be selected so thedi-carboxylic acid moiety of the composition has a higher dissolutionconstant to strontium ions compared to calcium ions under physiologicalconditions. Thus, the dissolved salt will provide a solution withpreferential binding of free calcium ions which may provide an advantagefor promoting intestinal absorption of the strontium ion and thusimproving the therapeutic effect and/or reducing the required dosenecessary to achieve the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect in theosteonecrotic condition.

The daily dose of ionic strontium may be at least about 0.01 g, such as,e.g. at least about 0.025 g, at least about 0.050 g, at least about0.075 g, at least about 0.1 g, at least about 0.2 g, at least about 0.3g, at least about 0.4 g or at least about 0.5 g or from about 0.01 toabout 2 g such as, e.g., from about 0.1 to about 2 g, from about 0.1 toabout 1 g, from about 0.15 to about 0.5 g, from about 0.3 to about 2 gor from about 1 to about 2 g.

In the case that the strontium-containing compound is strontiummalonate, it may be administered in a dose corresponding to from about0.1 to about 10 g daily calculated as anhydrous salt. More specifically,the salt may be administered in a dose corresponding to from about 0.2to about 8 g daily such as, e.g., from about 0.4 to about 5 g daily,from about 0.6 to about 3 g daily or from about 0.7 to about 2 g dailycalculated as anhydrous salt.

In case another strontium salt is used, the person skilled in the artwill be able to calculate the total daily doses of strontium saltdependent on the counter-ion and the desired daily dose of ionicstrontium.

As mentioned above, the administration of the strontium-containingcompound (a) may take place one or more times daily, such as from 2 to 5times daily. The administration may take place one or more times weekly,such as from 1 to 3 times weekly.

The administration of (a) may be by the enteral or parenteral route orby topical administration. In a preferred embodiment, the administrationis by the oral route.

The mammal to be treated in a method according to the invention may be ahuman or a domestic animal, such as, e.g., a cat, a dog, a horse, a cowor a sheep. In a preferred embodiment the subject to be treated is ahuman, such as, e.g. a human female or male adult, adolescent or child.

The mammal in need of treatment may be identified and/or monitored byimaging techniques such as, e.g., X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonanceimaging of the skeletal site suspected to be at risk for osteonecrosisand/or by assessment of altered bone turnover by the use of specificbiochemical markers of bone turnover.

The details and specifics described above applies mutatis mutandis tothe following:

In addition to the methods described above, the invention also relatesto the use of a strontium-containing compound (a) for the manufacture ofa medicament for treating and/or preventing an osteonecrotic bonecondition, such as, e.g. idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis,avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced boneischemia/osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and femoral headnecrosis, in a mammal.

The invention also relates to the use of a strontium containing-compound(a) and a therapeutic agent (b) for the manufacture of a medicament fortreating and/or preventing an osteonecrotic bone condition in a mammal,wherein (b) is known to or suspected of inducing apoptosis and/ornecrosis of bone cells leading to an osteonecrotic bone condition.

The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga strontium-containing compound (a), and a therapeutic agent (b) that isknown to or suspected of inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bonecells leading to an osteonecrotic bone condition, optionally togetherwith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, i.e. atherapeutically inert substance or carrier.

The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the desireddosage form and administration route.

The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be e.g. fillers, binders,disintegrants, diluents, glidants, solvents, emulsifying agents,suspending agents, stabilizers, enhancers, flavors, colors, pH adjustingagents, retarding agents, wetting agents, surface active agents,preservatives, antioxidants etc. Details can be found in pharmaceuticalhandbooks such as, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Science orPharmaceutical Excipient Handbook.

Above are mentioned specific examples of the amounts of compoundsadministered. However, it will be understood that the amount of thecompounds actually administered will be determined by a physician inlight of the relevant circumstances including the condition to betreated, the choice of compounds to be administered, the age, weight,and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient'ssymptoms and the chosen route of administration. While the presentcompositions are preferably administered orally, the compounds may alsobe administered by any other suitable route.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be in theform of a solid, semi-solid or fluid composition. In one embodiment ofthe invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of atablet. The tablet may be coated with a coating that enables release ofat least part of the salt in the proximal part of the small intestine,such as e.g. the duodenum and/or the proximal jejunum, such as at least50% w/w, at least 60% w/w, at least 65% w/w, at least 70% w/w, at least80% w/w or at least 90% w/w of the total amount of the salt contained inthe tablet.

In another embodiment of the invention a compound may be selected havecomplete or predominant solubility in the ventricle such as at least 50%w/w, at least 60% w/w, at least 65% w/w, at least 70% w/w, at least 80%w/w or at least 90% w/w of the total amount of the salt contained in thetablet.

The tablet may have a shape that makes it easy and convenient for apatient to swallow. The tablet may thus e.g. have a rounded or arod-like shape without any sharp edges. Furthermore, the tablet may bedesigned to be divided in two or more parts.

A semi-solid form of the composition may be a paste, a gel or ahydrogel.

The fluid form of the composition may be a solution, an emulsionincluding nano-emulsions, a suspension, a dispersion, a liposomalcomposition, a spray, a mixture, a syrup or an elixir.

Other suitable dosages forms of the pharmaceutical compositionsaccording to the invention may be capsules, sachets, troches, devicesetc.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methodswell known to a person skilled in pharmaceutical formulation.

The invention also relates to a kit comprising two or more components,the first component comprising a strontium-containing compound (a) andthe second component comprising a therapeutic agent (b) that is known toor suspected of inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells leadingto an osteonecrotic bone condition.

In certain cases it may be beneficial to include one or more furtheractive substances in a method, a pharmaceutical composition or a kitaccording to the invention. The one or more further active substancesmay have a therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect on an osteonecroticbone disease, such as, e.g., osteonecrosis. The term “active substancehaving a therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect on an osteonecrotic bonedisease” includes active substances that can attain a particular medicalresult, such as, e.g., reduce the incidence of osteonecrosis, reducebone pain associated with the osteonecrotic lesion increase bone densityand/or improve healing of bone or prevent the occurrence of fracture ina subject at risk of developing an osteonecrotic condition. Examples ofsuch substances are bone anti-resorptive and/or anabolic agents.However, one or more active substances having other effects than thosementioned above may also be included in a method or a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention. Such active substances could be e.g. painrelievers (analgesic agents), anti-inflammatory agents, anti-retroviralagents, anti-neoplastic agents, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs,or other anti-rheumatic drugs.

Specific examples of active substances, which may be used in a method ora pharmaceutical composition according to the invention arecalcium-alpha-ketoglutarate, calcium and/or salts thereof, vitamin Dsuch as, e.g., vitamin D3 and/or functional equivalents of vitamin D3,glucagon-like peptide-2, glucagons-like peptide-2 releasingcompositions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pain relievingagents tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors, inhibitors ofIL-15 release or function and inhibitors of IL-1 release or function.

The following examples intend to illustrate the invention withoutlimiting it in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Effect of Strontium Malonate in an Animal Model ofOsteonecrosis

The rationale for the study was to assess the ability of strontium toact as a therapeutic and bone growth promoting (i.e. pro-anabolic) agentin an animal model of osteonecrosis. In this model, a syngenic necroticbone graft was implanted into the femur of a recipient rat. The necroticgraft was degraded, while ingrowth of new bone occurred. At terminationof the experiment, the structural grafts was removed and analyzed byhistology to quantify both the degradation of the necrotic graft as wellas ingrowth of new bone. Concomitant treatment with anabolic and/oranti-resorptive agents may be given after the insertion of the necroticgraft, and the effect monitored after termination of the experiment.This rat model has previously been described (Åstrand J, Aspenberg P.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002; 3(1):19).

Methods and Materials

The compounds (active strontium test-article: Sr-malonate, 189.6 g/mol;Placebo substance, calcium malonate, 142.1 g/mol) was suspended indrinking water for the rats. The salts were prepared in a solution of1.6 g/l, which is close to saturation (22-25° C.). Thus extensivestirring was required to completely dissolve the substances. A new batchof drinking water was prepared fresh every week for the duration of theexperiment. When not in use the solution was stored at room temperaturein a closed container. Preliminary experiments showed that the animalseach drink between 60 and 90 ml/24 h resulting in approximate strontiumdosing of 120 mg strontium malonate/day equal to 55.4 mg of ionicstrontium.

The study was performed in 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats ca. weight 350 g(corresponding to an age of 9-10 weeks), Taconic M&B, Lille Skensved,Denmark. The animals were allowed 2 weeks acclimatization beforeinitiation of the experiment and were accordingly approximately 12 weeksold at implantation of the necrotic bone graft (week 0).

The study consisted of 2 groups each of 10 rats. The rats were randomlyallocated to the groups before the initiation of the study. As inprevious studies with therapeutic interventions in this model ofosteonecrosis (Astrand J, Aspenberg P. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002;3(1):19) the study lasted for 6 weeks. At week 0 they were subjected toan operation with insertion of a necrotic bone graft, with cancelous(trabecular) bone grafts derived from female Sprague Dawley rats. Thebone graft were excised from the female rats after necropsy, and frozenat −80° C. to kill all cells within the bone graft. The graft was thenplaced into a titanium chamber placed in the tibia of the right hindleg, in operation at full anesthesia. Treatment with strontium malonateor control (calcium malonate) was initiated from week 0. Food and watercontaining the suspended test substance was administered ad libitum. Therats were euthanized after 6 weeks, and the titanium chambers containingthe necrotic bone grafts were removed and processed for histologicalassessment.

After careful removal from the titanium chamber, the grafts weredecalcified in 10% formic acid, 2% formaldehyde for 14 days. Thedecalcified skeletal tissue was embedded in paraffin and cut in 1 μmsections parallel to the long axis of the graft. Each section wassubsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and visually scored forappearance of degradation of the necrotic graft as well as ingrowth ofnew bone.

Results

All 20 animals completed the 6 week study period, and were available forhistological analysis. The histological analysis showed that in allrats, soft tissue had invaded the grafts. New bone had formed a boneingrowth frontier. The main parameter of analysis was the measurement ofthis ingrowth distance. The two groups of animals showed significantdifferences in the extent of ingrowth of new bone. The strontiummalonate treated group had an average ingrowth of 3.43 (±1.35 (SD)) mmcompared to an average ingrowth of 2.24 (±1.00) p=0.038. This shows thatstrontium malonate had a significant anabolic effect, and thus indicatesthe potential use of this compound in both prophylaxis and treatment ofosteonecrosis.

The strontium malonate used in the Examples herein has been prepared asdescribed below:

Preparation of Strontium Malonate Anhydrate by Synthesis at 100° C.

Initially, a suspension of malonic acid (white colored) was prepared byadding 100 mL of millipore water to 10.406 g (0.1 moles) of solidmalonic acid (Fluka, MW 104.06 g/mole, CAS no. 141-82-2, lot. no.449503/1, filling code 44903076) in a 250 mL beaker. To this suspensionwas added 26.571 g (0.1 moles) of solid strontium hydroxide (SigmaAldrich, Sr(OH)₂*8H₂O, MW 265.71, CAS no. 1311-10-0). Then, a magneticstirring rod was added and the stirring and heating was started to thepoint of boiling of the suspension. The final suspension was also whitecolored and the stirring was sustained by maintaining a medium rotationrate of the stirring apparatus. In order to prevent carbon dioxide fromentering the solution, the beaker was covered by a covering glass.

After some minutes of boiling and stirring, the solution clarified andall the solid material dissolved. The boiling was maintained, andadditional water was added when required, as to replace the water lostby boiling. After three hours of boiling, the solution was filteredwhile boiling on a Büchner funnel. Very small amounts of impurities wereleft in the filter. The filtrate was subsequently allowed to cool toroom temperature, which resulted in growth of fine-powdered crystals ofstrontium malonate. Precipitation of the final product progressedrapidly during filtration and the majority of the product was found inthe filter (unheated). Only in rare instants, the precipitationprogressed in the filtrate. The product was filtered and dried at 110°C. in an oven for ½ hour followed by drying 12 hours in a dessicatorover silica orange. Before analysis by x-ray crystallography and byFlame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS), the salts were ground by amortar to fine powder.

The total yield of strontium malonate was approximately 98% beforerecrystallisation, and the majority of impurities consisted ofreminisces of the reagents and of strontium carbonate. The product wasunambiguously identified as strontium malonate (anhydrous) by x-raycrystallography and comparing the data to results of the CambridgeCrystallographic Database.

In a further improvement of the synthesis, anhydrous strontium malonatewas produced in 10 kg scale in a method according to the presentinvention indicative of the applicability of the method for larger scalesynthesis. 15.80 kg Sr(OH)₂*8H₂O was dissolved in 63.2 l purified waterand heated to 95-100° C. 5.63 kg malonic acid was dissolved in 4.1 lpurified water, filtered where after an additional 1.4 l of water wasadded and the solution heated to 95-100° C. The two solutions were mixedin a closed reaction vessel under an inert nitrogen atmosphere andstirred under reflux for 20 min. Subsequently the heating was stoppedand the solution was allowed to cool to 40-50° C. over 2-4 hours whilestrontium malonate was allowed to precipitate. The precipitate wasfiltered and the salt washed with an additional 13.2 l of water,followed by drying to complete dryness at vacuum in a temperature of 70°C. 9.4 kg anhydrous highly pure strontium malonate was obtained as auniform microcrystalline white powder, corresponding to a yield of 94%.The product was unambiguously identified as strontium malonate(anhydrous) by x-ray crystallography and comparing the data to resultsof the Cambridge Crystallographic Database.

Tablet for use in a method according to the invention may be prepared asfollows:

Formulation of Strontium Malonate in Tablets.

Strontium malonate can be formulated for pharmaceutical use inconvenient tablets for oral administration. The tablets should beprepared with microcrystalline strontium malonate manufactured asdescribed above. For production of the tablets the following procedurecan be followed, which will result in approximately 12000 tablets.

3600 g Strontium Malonate, prepared as described above is mixed with 180g Avicel PH102 (microcrystalline cellulose) Ph. Eur. After blending 144g Polyvidone A Ph. Eur. And 450 g Purified Water Ph. Eur. Is added tothe mixture.

The weight of the mixture is controlled (theoretical weight 3924 g).After completion of the mixing process, the granulate material is sievedthrough a net with a pore size of 1.2 mm and dried at 40° C. in trays ina suitable drying oven. To the granulate is added 23 g ColloidalAnhydrous Silica (Aerosil 200) Ph. Eur, 284 g Avicel PH102(microcrystalline cellulose) Ph. Eur. and 23 g Magnesium Stearate Ph.Eur. Thorough mixing is performed, and the material is sieved through anet with a pore size of 0.7 mm. This material is loaded on a tabletpressing machine.

Nine mm white round tablets (ø 9 mm) with no score line aremanufactured, each containing the following ingredients:

Strontium malonate  300 mg Microcrystalline Cellulose Ph. Eur. 43.5 mgPolyvidone Ph. Eur.   12 mg Colloidal anhydrous silica Ph. Eur. 2.25 mgMagnesium Stearate Ph. Eur. 2.25 mg

In Pharmaceutical use for administering a 1.2 g dose of strontiummalonate 4 tablets can be administered to a subject in need thereof. Itfollows that a person skilled in the art, by employing a tablet pressingmachine with larger press heads can produce larger tablets containingmore of the listed ingredients but with the same relative abundance.

1. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an osteonecroticbone disease in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an effective dose of a strontium-containing compound tothe mammal.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the daily dose ofstrontium is at least about 0.01 g.
 3. A method according to claim 1,wherein the administration takes place one or more times daily.
 4. Amethod according to claim 3, wherein the administration takes place from2-5 times daily.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein theadministration is by an enteral or parenteral route or by topicaladministration.
 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein theadministration is by an oral route.
 7. A method for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of an osteonecrotic bone disease, in a mammal who is to beor is treated with a therapeutic agent known to or suspected of inducingapoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells, the method comprisingadministering a strontium-containing compound in combination with thetherapeutic agent.
 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein theapoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells lead to an osteonecrotic bonedisease.
 9. A method according to claim 7, wherein the administration ofthe strontium-containing compound and the therapeutic agent leads to atleast one of the following: i) reduction in the incidence or severity ofthe osteonecrotic bone disease, wherein the incidence or severity of theosteonecrotic bone disease is reduced by at least 5%, in patientstreated with the strontium-containing compound and the therapeutic agentin combination as compared to patients treated with the therapeuticagent alone in the same dose as the therapeutic agent in thecombination, ii) reduction of frequency and/or magnitude of side-effectsof the therapeutic agent, wherein side effects are being defined as anyclinical relevant observation pertaining to the disease or condition inthe patient, and wherein the frequency and/or magnitude of theside-effects is reduced by at least 5%, in patients treated with thestrontium-containing compound and the therapeutic agent in combinationas compared to patients treated with the therapeutic agent alone in thesame dose as the therapeutic agent in the combination.
 10. A methodaccording to claim 7, wherein the therapeutic agent is a glucocorticoidand/or another steroid hormone.
 11. A method according to claim 7,wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-retroviral compound.
 12. Amethod according to claim 7, wherein the therapeutic agent is abisphosphonate.
 13. A method according to claim 7, wherein the dailydose of strontium is at least about 0.01 g.
 14. A method according toclaim 7, wherein the strontium-containing compound and the therapeuticagent are administered as a single composition.
 15. A method accordingto claim 7, wherein the strontium-containing compound and thetherapeutic agent are administered as separate compositions.
 16. Amethod according to claim 7, wherein the administration of thestrontium-containing compound and the therapeutic agent take placesimultaneously or sequentially.
 17. A method according to claim 1,wherein the strontium-containing compound is selected from the groupconsisting of strontium salts of an organic or an inorganic acid.
 18. Amethod according to claim 17, wherein the salt is in hydrate, anhydrous,solvate, polymorphous, amorphous, crystalline, microcrystalline orpolymeric form.
 19. A method according to claim 1, wherein thestrontium-containing compound is strontium chloride, strontiumcarbonate, strontium citrate, strontium malonate, strontium succinate,strontium fumarate, strontium ascorbate, strontium pyruvate, strontiumL-glutamate, strontium D-glutamate, strontium L-aspartate, strontiumD-aspartate, strontium alpha-ketoglutarate, strontium lactate, strontiumtartrate, strontium glutarate, strontium maleate, strontiummethanesulfonate, strontium benzenesulfonate, strontium ranelate ormixtures thereof.
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a strontium-containing compound, and atherapeutic agent that is known to or suspected of inducing apoptosisand/or necrosis of bone cells leading to an osteonecrotic bonecondition.
 23. A kit comprising two or more components, the firstcomponent comprising a strontium-containing compound and the secondcomponent comprising a therapeutic agent that is known to or suspectedof inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis of bone cells leading to anosteonecrotic bone condition.
 24. The method according to claim 1,wherein the osteonecrotic bone disease is idiopathic or secondaryosteonecrosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucocorticoid induced boneischemia/osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease or femoral headnecrosis.
 25. The method according to claim 7, wherein the osteonecroticbone disease is idiopathic or secondary osteonecrosis, avascular bonenecrosis, glucocorticoid induced bone ischemia/osteonecrosis and femoralhead necrosis.
 26. The method according to claim 9, wherein the sideeffects pertain to bone-pain, joint-pain, immobility, functionalimpairment, weight loss or bone mineral density (BMD) decrease.
 27. Themethod according to claim 11, wherein the anti-retroviral compound isefavirenz (Sustiva®), zidovudine (Retrovir®), lamivodine (Epivir®),abacavir (Ziagen®), zalcitabine (Hivid®), didanosine (Videx®), stavudine(Zerit®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®), emtricitabine(Emtriva®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), nevirapine (Viramune®), delavirdine(Rescriptor®), capravirine, enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®), saquinavir(Invirase®, Fortovase®), ritonavir (Norvir®), indinavir (Crixivan®),tipranavir, amdoxovir, elvucitabine, atazanivir (Reyataz®), nelfinavir(Viracept®), amprenavir (Agenerase®), PRO-542, TMC-114, TMC-125,BMS-56190, or DPC-0830.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 22, further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients.